COPD: The Silent Disease of Smokers

An underdiagnosed disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory disease characterized by permanent and progressive airway obstruction. It affects about 380 million people worldwide and causes 3.2 million deaths per year. It is estimated that 2 out of 3 patients are not diagnosed.

Causes and risk factors

Smoking is responsible for 80-90% of cases. Occupational exposure to dusts, fumes, and chemicals, indoor air pollution (biomass), and repeated respiratory infections in childhood are other factors. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (rare genetic cause) can also be involved.

Evolution and complications

COPD progresses through 4 stages (GOLD I to IV). Shortness of breath gradually worsens, first limiting effort, then daily activities, and finally rest. Exacerbations (acute flare-ups) accelerate respiratory decline. Chronic respiratory failure requires home oxygen therapy.

Management

Smoking cessation is the only treatment that significantly slows the loss of lung function. Long-acting bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids improve symptoms. Respiratory rehabilitation (exercise, physiotherapy) is a cornerstone of treatment too often neglected.