Food Allergies: Distinguishing Fact from Fiction

Food allergies are increasing in industrialized countries. However, many people confuse allergy, intolerance, and non-allergic sensitivity.

Three Different Mechanisms

• IgE-mediated allergy: rapid immune reaction (minutes to 2 hours). Can cause anaphylaxis. Common allergens: peanut, tree nuts, milk, egg, fish, shellfish.
• Intolerance: enzyme deficiency (e.g., lactase for lactose). Digestive symptoms only, dose-dependent.
• Non-allergic sensitivity: real symptoms but without an identified immune mechanism (e.g., non-celiac gluten sensitivity).

The 14 Major Allergens

European regulations require the declaration of 14 allergens: gluten, shellfish, egg, fish, peanut, soy, milk, tree nuts, celery, mustard, sesame, sulfites, lupin, mollusks.

Recognizing an Anaphylactic Reaction

• Generalized hives, facial swelling
• Difficulty breathing, wheezing
• Drop in blood pressure, malaise
• Abdominal pain, vomiting

Immediate action: self-injectable adrenaline (pen) and call 911.

Living with a Food Allergy

• Systematically read labels
• Inform family, friends, and restaurants
• Always carry your adrenaline pen
• Wear a medical identification bracelet